Introduction: Localized Structures in Dissipative Media: From Optics to Plant Ecology

Localised structures in dissipative appears in various fields of natural science such as biology, chemistry, plant ecology, optics and laser physics. The proposed theme issue is to gather specialists from various fields of non-linear science toward a cross-fertilisation among active areas of research. This is a cross-disciplinary area of research dominated by the nonlinear optics due to potential applications for all-optical control of light, optical storage, and information processing. This theme issue contains contributions from 18 active groups involved in localized structures field and have all made significant contributions in recent years.Comment: 14 pages, 0 figure, submitted to Phi. Trasaction Royal Societ

QCD-Thermodynamics using 5-dim Gravity

We calculate the critical temperature and free energy of the gluon plasma using the dilaton potential arXiv:0911.0627[hep-ph] in the gravity theory of AdS/QCD. The finite temperature observables are calculated in two ways: first, from the Page-Hawking computation of the free energy, and secondly using the Bekenstein-Hawking proportionality of the entropy with the area of the horizon. Renormalization is well defined, because the T=0 theory has asymptotic freedom. We further investigate the change of the critical temperature with the number of flavours induced by the change of the running coupling constant in the quenched theory. The finite temperature behaviour of the speed of sound, spatial string tension and vacuum expectation value of the Polyakov loop follow from the corresponding string theory in AdS_5.Comment: 38 pages, 12 figure

Charging of the nickel catalyst with the "jet" method as a component of the sustainable development of Ukrainian chemical industry

The sustainable development of the chemical industry of Ukraine is appreciably complicated with the forced orientation of the domestic economy to the needs of the military field. The search of the methods of the industry's transition to the principles of green chemistry becomes especially relevant in such circumstances. Green chemistry aims to minimal using of hazardous substances in the industry. Today one of the most important chemical products in Ukraine is the group of mineral fertilizers which are 1.9% of the total volume of the country’s exports (based on the data of January-February 2015), which corresponds to the second place in the list of chemical and related industries exports. On the other hand, the Ukrainian part in the world market of nitrogen fertilizers is about 8%. Keeping this part needs continuous improvement of the ammonia synthesis process as the basis for the nitrogen fertilizers production

Cavity solitons in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We investigate a control of the motion of localized structures of light by means of delay feedback in the transverse section of a broad area nonlinear optical system. The delayed feedback is found to induce a spontaneous motion of a solitary localized structure that is stationary and stable in the absence of feedback. We focus our analysis on an experimentally relevant system namely the Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL). In the absence of the delay feedback we present experimental evidence of stationary localized structures in a 80 $\mu$m aperture VCSEL. The spontaneous formation of localized structures takes place above the lasing threshold and under optical injection. Then, we consider the effect of the time-delayed optical feedback and investigate analytically the role of the phase of the feedback and the carrier lifetime on the self-mobility properties of the localized structures. We show that these two parameters affect strongly the space time dynamics of two-dimensional localized structures. We derive an analytical formula for the threshold associated with drift instability of localized structures and a normal form equation describing the slow time evolution of the speed of the moving structure.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

Delayed feedback control of self-mobile cavity solitons

Control of the motion of cavity solitons is one the central problems in nonlinear optical pattern formation. We report on the impact of the phase of the time-delayed optical feedback and carrier lifetime on the self-mobility of localized structures of light in broad area semiconductor cavities. We show both analytically and numerically that the feedback phase strongly affects the drift instability threshold as well as the velocity of cavity soliton motion above this threshold. In addition we demonstrate that non-instantaneous carrier response in the semiconductor medium is responsible for the increase in critical feedback rate corresponding to the drift instability

Clustering of ions at atomic dimensions in quantum plasmas

By means of particle simulations of the equations of motion for ions interacting among themselves under the influence of newly discovered Shukla–Eliasson attractive force (SEAF) in a dense quantum plasma, we demonstrate that the SEAF can bring ions closer at atomic dimensions. We present simulation results of the dynamics of an ensemble of ions in the presence of the SEAF without and with confining external potentials and collisions between ions and degenerate electrons. Our particle simulations reveal that under the SEAF, ions attract each other, come closer, and form ionic clusters in the bath of degenerate electrons that shield ions. Furthermore, an external confining potential produces robust ion clusters that can have cigar- and ball-like shapes, which remain stable when the confining potential is removed. The stability of ion clusters is discussed. Our results may have applications to solid density plasmas (density exceeding 1023 per cm3), where the electrons will be degenerate and quantum forces due to the electron recoil effect caused by the overlapping of electron wave functions and electron tunneling through the Bohm potential, electron-exchange and electron-exchange and electron correlations associated with electron-1/2 spin effect, and the quantum statistical pressure of the degenerate electrons play a decisive role

Discretized rotation has infinitely many periodic orbits

For a fixed k in (-2,2), the discretized rotation on Z^2 is defined by (x,y)->(y,-[x+ky]). We prove that this dynamics has infinitely many periodic orbits.Comment: Revised after referee reports, and added a quantitative statemen

The Present and Future of Embryo Cryopreservation

Embryo freezing technologies have widely been used in human IVF practice and in animal industry. In this chapter, we will review the development of embryo freezing technology and the application of the method, which will concentrate on discussion of the arguments in favor of and against freezing, as well as the latest results of success rates, comparing them with the other basic assisted reproductive technologies methods. Then, we will present our viewpoint for the future application of embryo freezing methods and their place in reproductive medicine. The analysis of facts and suggestions should enable researchers to rethink the position of cryobiology in reproductive medicine. It should be considered that the method of cryopreservation is not only a technology for storing embryos but also a method of embryo treatment that can potentially improve the success rates in infertile couples. There is also a theory that describes the “treatment” effect of freezing an embryo, which may explain the higher success rates of frozen embryo transfer (FET) compared to fresh embryo transfer (ET). The authors of the “Theory about the Embryo-Cryo treatment” believe that freezing and thawing could activate endogenous survival and repair mechanisms in preimplantation embryos